Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Naturally occurring long-chain omega-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3) exert multiple biological effects that are mediated either by these PUFA themselves (i.e. acting as PPARα ligands) or their bioactive metabolites. These bioactive compounds could be divided into several sub-families such as specialized pro-resolving mediators, epoxides, electrophilic oxo-derivatives, ethanolamines, acylglycerols, acylamides of amino acids or neurotransmitters, and FAHFAs, exerting mostly anti-inflammatory effects, also in adipose tissue [1].

► Ondrej Kuda, Martin Rossmeisl, Jan Kopecky^✉
Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue biology.
Mol Aspects Med. 2018 Dec;64:147-160 DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.004

This review provides evidence for the importance of white and brown adipose tissue (i.e. WA

► Veronika Paluchova, Anders Vik, Tomas Cajka, Marie Brezinova, Kristyna Brejchova, Viktor Bugajev, Lubica Draberova, Petr Draber, Jana Buresova, Petra Kroupova, Kristina Bardova, Martin Rossmeisl, Jan Kopecky, Trond Vidar Hansen, Ondrej Kuda^✉
Triacylglycerol-rich oils of marine origin are optimal nutrients for induction of polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid ester of hydroxy linoleic acid (13-DHAHLA) with anti-inflammatory properties in mice.
Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, in press DOI https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201901238

Scope Docosahexaenoic acid ester of hydroxy linoleic acid (DHAHLA) is a…

• 13-DHAHLA is an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator.
• The authors investigate DHA-rich marine oils as potential nutritional sources of 13-DHAHLA precursors and explore anti-inflammatory properties of the bioactive lipid.
• The results suggest that triacylglycerol-based marine oils are superior to marine phospholipids and wax esters in the ability to increase levels of 13-DHAHLA in circulation.
• Both 13(S)- and 13(R)-DHAHLA inhibited antigen and PGE₂-induced chemotaxis and degranulation of mast cells.

One of the DHA metabolites – polyunsaturated FAHFA 13-DHAHLA exerts anti-inflammatory effects of macrophages and mast cells [2, 3]. DHA-rich triacylglycerol-based marine oils are superior to marine phospholipids and wax esters in the ability to increase levels of 13-DHAHLA in circulation. Interestingly, the chemical form of the oil (lipid class) was more important that the fatty acid composition.

► Martin Rossmeisl^✉, Jana Pavlisova, Kristina Bardova, Veronika Kalendova, Jana Buresova, Ondrej Kuda, Petra Kroupova, Barbora Stankova, Eva Tvrzicka, Eva Fiserova, Olga Horakova, Jan Kopecky
Increased plasma levels of palmitoleic acid may contribute to beneficial effects of Krill oil on glucose homeostasis in dietary obese mice
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, May 2020, 158732, In Press DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158732

Omega-3 polyunsatuarted fatty acids (PUFA) are associated with hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, omega-3 PUFA, usually administered as triacylglycerols or ethyl esters, could also compromise glucose metabolism, especially in obese type 2 diabetics.

• Omega-3 PUFA administered as a triacylglycerol concentrate or Krill oil phospholipids.
• Omega-3 phospholipids preserved insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet.
• Their insulin-sensitizing effect was better than that of omega-3 triacylglycerols.
• Krill oil effectively increased adiponectin and reduced endocannabinoid plasma levels.
• Palmitoleic acid from Krill oil may help improve glucose homeostasis.

► Marina Oseeva, Veronika Paluchova, Petr Zacek, Petra Janovska, Tomas Mracek, Martin Rossmeisl, Dana Hamplova, Nadezda Cadova, Iva Stohanzlova, Pavel Flachs, Jan Kopecky^✉, OndrejKuda^✉
Omega-3 index in the Czech Republic: No difference between urban and rural populations
Chem Phys Lipids. 2019 May;220:23-27 DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.02.006

Naturally occurring long-chain omega-3 PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic acid…..

We have explored the omega-3 index in Czech population within a project QUALITAS – Wellbeing in health and disease (2015-2021). No difference between rural and urban population was observed, but low omega-3 index suggested that the consumption of marine fish or other omega-3 PUFA sources should be increased [4].

► Viktor Bugajev, Tomas Paulenda, Pavol Utekal, Michal Mrkacek, Ivana Halova, Ladislav Kuchar, Ondrej Kuda, Petra Vavrova, Björn Schuster, Sergio Fuentes-Liso, Lucie Potuckova, Daniel Smrz, Sara Cernohouzova, Lubica Draberova, Monika Bambouskova, Petr Draber
Crosstalk between ORMDL3, serine palmitoyltransferase, and 5-lipoxygenase in the sphingolipid and eicosanoid metabolic pathways
J Lipid Res Volume 62, 2021, 100121 DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100121

Leukotrienes (LTs) and sphingolipids are critical lipid mediators participating in numerous cellular….

References:

[1] O. Kuda, M. Rossmeisl, J. Kopecky, Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue biology, Mol. Aspects Med. 64(4) (2018) 147-160.

[2] O. Kuda, M. Brezinova, M. Rombaldova, B. Slavikova, M. Posta, P. Beier, P. Janovska, J. Veleba, J. Kopecky, Jr., E. Kudova, T. Pelikanova, J. Kopecky, Docosahexaenoic Acid-Derived Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) With Anti-inflammatory Properties, Diabetes 65(9) (2016) 2580-90.

[3] V. Paluchova, Triacylglycerol-rich oils of marine origin are optimal nutrients for induction of polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid ester of hydroxy linoleic acid (13-DHAHLA) with anti-inflammatory properties in mice, Mol. Nutr. Food Res.  (2020).

[4] M. Oseeva, V. Paluchova, P. Zacek, P. Janovska, T. Mracek, M. Rossmeisl, D. Hamplova, N. Cadova, I. Stohanzlova, P. Flachs, J. Kopecky, O. Kuda, Omega-3 index in the Czech Republic: No difference between urban and rural populations, Chem Phys Lipids 220 (2019) 23-27.